AFFORDABLE
Here is one measure of Energy Affordability, Residential Electricity Cost (US$/kWhr) by Selected County from statista.com. Low is $0.06/kWhr in Turkey to $0.50/kWhr in Bermuda. There are many factors beyond just “costs” that drive prices – such as government policies, subsidies, taxes, and etc. – all of which make an apples-to-apples comparison quite difficult.
SAFE
This is very hard to measure. What are the rates of injury or death from the manufacturing of Energy (entire supply chain)? What are the rates of injury or death due to the lack of Energy for cooling, heating, or life-saving treatments?
Our World in Data estimated the following “deaths per TWhr” for Europe in 2022: 24.6 (coal), 18.4 (oil), 2.8 (nat gas), 4.6 (biomass), 1.3 (hydro), 0.04 (wind), 0.03 (nuclear), and 0.02 (solar). Assume those numbers apply to the world in 2025 and you get ~1.5 million global deaths. A study by Barrak Alahmad in 2025 indicated global annual environmental deaths are about ~5 million annually. The above is, at best, indicative. And the only real conclusion is we (the world) need to do better, be better, on all fronts.
